Poisoning in domestic cats in Brazil: toxicants, clinical signs, and therapeutic approaches / [Intoxicação em gatos domésticos no Brasil: toxicantes, sinais clínicos e abordagens terapêuticas]

This study evaluated the most common toxic agents affecting domestic cats, the clinical signs of toxicity, and the therapeutic approaches for recovery. A survey on poisoning in cats was conducted among small animal veterinary practitioners from 2017 to 2018. Of the 748 completed questionnaires, 543 (72.6%) were evaluated. Pesticides and household cleaning supplies were the most common causes of poisoning in cats. The toxicant groups included pesticides and household cleaning supplies (organophosphates), human drugs (acetaminophen), plants/plant derivatives (lily), and veterinary drugs (tramadol). The major clinical signs for these four groups of toxicants were (1) acetaminophen poisoning, which caused oxidative erythrocyte damage; (2) muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic syndrome, which resulted from organophosphate poisoning; (3) acute kidney injury, which resulted from intoxication of lily; and (4) serotonin syndrome, which resulted from tramadol toxicosis. Interventions for treating poisoning in cats were based on the clinical presentation of animals. In the present study, the significant toxins identified to be dangerous for cats were characterized using the obtained data in Brazil as well as the main associated clinical signs and therapy recommended by veterinarians.(AU)

Objetiva-se com este trabalho caracterizar os principais toxicantes para gatos domésticos, bem como os prevalentes sinais clínicos e a terapêutica associada. Uma pesquisa sobre envenenamento em gatos foi realizada entre médicos veterinários no período de 2017 a 2018. Dos 748 questionários preenchidos, 543 (72,6%) foram avaliados. Pesticidas e domissanitários foram os principais causadores de intoxicação em gatos. Entre os grupos tóxicos, destacaram-se, na categoria pesticidas e domissanitários (organofosforados), medicamentos humanos (acetaminofeno), plantas e derivados de planta (lírio) e medicamentos veterinários (tramadol). Os principais sinais clínicos para os quatro grupos de substâncias tóxicas foram: (1) intoxicação por acetaminofeno, que causou dano eritrocitário oxidativo; (2) síndrome colinérgica muscarínica e nicotínica, resultante do envenenamento por organofosforado; (3) lesão renal aguda, causada pela intoxicação por lírio; e (4) síndrome serotoninérgica, resultante da exposição ao tramadol. As intervenções realizadas para o tratamento dos envenenamentos foram justificáveis mediante a apresentação clínica dos animais. Por meio dos dados obtidos, puderam-se caracterizar os principais tóxicos para gatos no Brasil, bem como os principais sinais clínicos associados e a terapêutica preconizada pelos médicos veterinários.(AU)

De novo transcriptome sequencing and gene expression profiling with/without B-chromosome plants of Lilium amabile

Supernumerary B chromosomes were found in Lilium amabile (2n = 2x = 24), an endemic Korean lily that grows in the wild throughout the Korean Peninsula. The extra B chromosomes do not affect the host-plant morphology; therefore, whole transcriptome analysis was performed in 0B and 1B plants to identify differentially expressed genes. A total of 154,810 transcripts were obtained from over 10 Gbp data by de novo assembly. By mapping the raw reads to the de novo transcripts, we identified 7,852 differentially expressed genes (log₂FC > |10|), in which 4,059 and 3,794 were up-and down-regulated, respectively, in 1B plants compared to 0B plants. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that various differentially expressed genes were involved in cellular processes including the cell cycle, chromosome breakage and repair, and microtubule formation; all of which may be related to the occurrence and maintenance of B chromosomes. Our data provide insight into transcriptomic changes and evolution of plant B chromosomes and deliver an informative database for future study of B chromosome transcriptomes in the Korean lily.

Transposable Elements and Genome Size Variations in Plants

Although the number of protein-coding genes is not highly variable between plant taxa, the DNA content in their genomes is highly variable, by as much as 2,056-fold from a 1C amount of 0.0648 pg to 132.5 pg. The mean 1C-value in plants is 2.4 pg, and genome size expansion/contraction is lineage-specific in plant taxonomy. Transposable element fractions in plant genomes are also variable, as low as ~3% in small genomes and as high as ~85% in large genomes, indicating that genome size is a linear function of transposable element content. Of the 2 classes of transposable elements, the dynamics of class 1 long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons is a major contributor to the 1C value differences among plants. The activity of LTR retrotransposons is under the control of epigenetic suppressing mechanisms. Also, genome-purging mechanisms have been adopted to counter-balance the genome size amplification. With a wealth of information on whole-genome sequences in plant genomes, it was revealed that several genome-purging mechanisms have been employed, depending on plant taxa. Two genera, Lilium and Fritillaria, are known to have large genomes in angiosperms. There were twice times of concerted genome size evolutions in the family Liliaceae during the divergence of the current genera in Liliaceae. In addition to the LTR retrotransposons, non-LTR retrotransposons and satellite DNAs contributed to the huge genomes in the two genera by possible failure of genome counter-balancing mechanisms.

Molecular identification in genus of Lilium based on DNA barcoding / 药学学报

To establish a new method for identifying genus of Lilium by DNA barcoding technology, ITS, ITS2, psbA-trnH, matK and rbcL sequences were analyzed in term of variation of inter- and intra-species, barcoding gap, neighbor-joining tree to distinguish genus of Lilium based on 978 sequences from experimental and GenBank database, and identification efficiency was evaluated by Nearest distance and BLAST1 methods. The results showed that DNA barcoding could identify different species in genus of Lilium. ITS sequence performed higher identification efficiency, and had significant difference between intra- and inter-species. And NJ tree could also divide species into different clades. Results indicate that DNA barcoding can identify genus of Lilium accurately. ITS sequence can be the optimal barcode to identify species of Lilium.

Genetic diversity analysis of natural groups of Lilium sargentiae by SRAP markers / 中国中药杂志

Genetic diversity of Lilium sargentiae was detected in this paper by sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) marker. One hundred wild samples were collected from 10 places, and 15 SRAP primer combinations were used for determination. NTSYS-pc2.1 and POPGEN1.32 were used for data analysis. The results showed that a total of 170 clear DNA bands were amplified, 163 of which were polymorphic. The proportion of polymorphic loci was 90.58% on the level of species. Nei's (1973) gene diversity (H) was 0.2631, Shannon's Information index was 0.3661, the G(st), was 0.3672, and the genetic distance ranged from 0.2021 to 0.5749. All materials could be clustered into four groups by UPGMA. The results demonstrated that the genetic diversity of L. sargentiae was rich on the level of species, and the genetic diversity within populations exceeded among populations. The correlations of genetic diversity and distribution were significant in L. sargentiae.

Micropropagation of Lilium ledebourii (Baker) Boiss as affected by plant growth regulator, sucrose concentration, harvesting season and cold treatments

A protocol for the micropropagation in different harvesting time of Lilium ledebourii (Baker) Boiss, an endangered rare species endemic to Iran has been developed. In vitro scale culture of this species, using bulbs from three harvesting seasons (spring, summer and winter), was attempted. Among the various treatments tested, the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.1 mg l-1 naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) + 0.1 mg l-1 benzyladenin (BA) and 6% sucrose in all harvesting seasons proved to be superior to others. The best results for fresh weight of bulblets, rooting parameters and the survival rate after transplantation to greenhouse were obtained from early winter-harvested bulbs. Summer-harvested bulbs had the highest number of bulblets per explant. The bulblets at the end of the culture period were given cold treatment at 4ºC for 2-8 weeks at a 2-weeks interval and then transplanted to a potting mixture of sand, leaf mold and peat moss (1:1:1 v/v). The best emergence rate (90%) was achieved at 8 weeks cold treatment for winter harvested bulbs.

Studies on chemical constituents in fresh fleshy scaleleaf of Lilium lancifolium / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the chemical constituents in fresh fleshyscaleaf of Lilium lancifolium.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The constituents were separated. by various kinds of chromatography and their structures were identified on the basis of spectral analysis.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Ten compounds were identified regaloside A (1), regaloside C (2), methyl-a-D-mannopyranosid (3), methyl-ca-D-glucopyranoside (4), (25R, 26R) -26-methoxyspirost-5-ene-3p-yl-O-ca-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside (5), (25R)-spirost-5-ene-3beta-yl-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside (6), (25R, 26R)-17alpha-hydroxy-26-methoxyspirost-5-ene-3beta-yl-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-[beta-D-glucopyra nosyl-(1-->6)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside (7), daucosterol (8), adenoside (9), berberine (10).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>All compounds except 1 and 3 were isolated from this species for the first time, and berberine was first reported in genus Lilium.</p>

Longevidade de inflorescências de lírio, de diferentes estádios de colheita, pré-tratadas com sacarose e tiossulfato de prata (STS) / Longevity of lilly inflorescences harvested at different stages of development and pulsed with sucrose and silver thiosulfate (STS)

A senescência é provocada por mudancas fisiológicas e bioquímicas como degradacão do amido e clorofila, aumento da respiracão e producão de etileno. O tratamento de flores cortadas com STS constitui uma das formas de inibir a producão ou acão do fitormônio. Para avaliar os efeitos do STS, em combinacão ou não com sacarose, aplicado em solucão de condicionamento, sobre a longevidade e a qualidade de inflorescências cortadas de lírio, variedade Ace, hastes com 3 botões de diferentes idades, foram tratadas com solucão de sacarose 5 por cento por 12 horas; solucão de STS 1mM por 15 minutos; solucão de STS (15 minutos) + solucão de sacarose por 12 horas e controle (água destilada). Foram avaliados: comprimento e abertura dos botões, teor relativo de água e teor de clorofila na folha e longevidade. A longevidade das inflorescências de lírio, variedade Ace, é influenciada pelos estádios de colheita, obtendo-se maior longevidade no estádio mais jovem, A. Inflorescências colhidas no estádio A apresentam maior diâmetro quando pré-tratadas com STS; todavia, este tratamento compromete a abertura dos botões e a qualidade das flores. A sacarose possibilita a abertura dos botões colhidos no estádio A e aumento da vida útil da flor. Assim, o uso de solucão de sacarose, na concentracão de 5 por cento permite a colheita de inflorecências de lírio em estádio prematuro, obtendo-se maior vida de vaso da flor cortada.

Two New Records of Penicillium Associated with Blue Moldy Bulbs of Lily in Korea

Two new records of Penicillium from blue moldy bulbs of lily are reported in Korea. The Korean isolates of P. albocoremium (Frisvad) Frisvad and P. tulipae Overy and Frisvad were phylogenetically identical to the reference species based on DNA sequence of the beta-tubulin gene. P. albocoremium and P. tulipae are described and illustrated.

Anthracnose of May Lily Caused by Colletotrichum liliacearum

Anthracnose symptoms severely occurred up to 100% on leaves of May lily grown in four locations in Korea during a disease survey in 2001. The symptoms appeared as circular to irregular spots with brown to dark brown discoloration on leaves of the plant, and severely infected leaves blighted. A total of 35 isolates of Colletotrichum sp. was obtained from the spotted lesions and identified as Colletotrichum liliacearum based on the morphological and cultural characteristics. Leaf spots similar to the original anthracnose symptoms were induced on the host leaves by artificial inoculation with the isolates of the fungus. This is the first report that C. liliacearum causes anthracnose of May lily.